Date of Defense

4-21-2026

Date of Graduation

5-2026

Department

Global and International Studies

First Advisor

Matt Reeves

Second Advisor

Thomas Howe

Abstract

This study investigates the concentration, distribution, and variability of per‑ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in biosolids produced by Michigan wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 2018–2025. Using a combined dataset of 556 biosolids samples from 273 WWTPs, PFAS trends were analyzed across facilities with and without Industrial Pretreatment Programs (IPP) to evaluate how industrial influence, community characteristics, and treatment processes shape PFAS profiles. Data was compiled from the MiEnviro Portal, and statewide biosolids reports, followed by quality assurance quality control (QAQC) to ensure consistency across laboratories, sampling methods, and units. Statistical modeling using MATLAB and analysis in Excel revealed that PFOS consistently dominated biosolids concentrations, reflecting legacy inputs and strong sorption to organic matter. IPP facilities exhibited more complex PFAS signatures, higher variability, and evidence of effective pretreatment, while Non‑IPP facilities showed simpler profiles with concentration shifts tied to community‑level sources. These findings demonstrate that industrial activity, population equivalent, and WWTP design significantly influence PFAS accumulation in biosolids.

Access Setting

Honors Thesis-Restricted

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